A modern heating system is a complex complex, the work of which is aimed at maintaining a comfortable temperature level in the house. Depending on the method of obtaining heat energy and its transportation, there are two main types of heating - autonomous and centralized. Does an ordinary user need to know how heating systems are arranged: boilers, radiators, houses? In some cases, this information will help you do a DIY repair or upgrade.
Heating principles
Before considering how the heating boiler or the design of the batteries works, you need to understand the fundamental principles of building any circuit. It should be composed of components that ensure the smooth operation of the entire system.
Regardless of how the heating system of a multi-storey building or a private cottage is arranged, it is necessary to provide heating, transportation and transfer of heat energy to the premises. This requires the following constituent elements:
- Heating the coolant... In autonomous systems, this function is performed by a boiler or any other heating device (electric convector, IR film, etc.). For centralized heating, I equip heat distribution points that supply heated water to several multi-storey buildings;
- Transport lines - pipelines... Through them, the coolant is transferred from the source of its heating directly to the consumer. How is the heating system of a multi-storey building arranged and how is it different from an autonomous one? For the first, the ordinary tenant of the house actually cannot influence the degree of heating of the water in the pipes. In stand-alone, this is done by adjusting the power of the heating boiler;
- Batteries and heatsinks... They are designed to transfer heat energy from hot water to indoor air. Depending on how the heating battery is arranged, it can have different parameters of energy intensity and heat output.
How to arrange a heating system and what should be chosen in the first place to complete it? Of greater interest is the arrangement of autonomous circuits in private houses, since in this case the owner himself chooses the source of thermal energy, plans the layout of pipelines and the operational parameters of the system.
In order to arrange the heating system on your own, you must first calculate the heat losses in the building. Based on this, you can choose a boiler of a certain power.
Autonomous heating system
What parameters should be followed when choosing a boiler, and how is a heating radiator arranged? These are just a few of the questions that the owner of a private house has to solve when planning a heating system. First, a heating scheme is developed, its main parameters are determined - the temperature mode of operation, the number and location of radiators, control devices.
The next step is to find out how the boiler for heating works and choose the optimal model. This is very important, since it will directly affect the efficiency and characteristics of the entire heating circuit of the house.
Heating boiler device
The principle of operation of any boiler is to obtain thermal energy from an energy carrier (coal, firewood, gas, diesel fuel) and transfer it to a heat carrier. The design of a heating boiler directly depends on the type of fuel used. Let's consider this on the example of the most common models - gas.
The main component in this case is the burner. In it, energy from the hot gas is transferred to the water using a heat exchanger. In solid fuel models, this function is performed by a combustion chamber. In addition, the following components are often present in boilers:
- Water supply system to the heat exchanger;
- Chimney pipe for removing carbon monoxide;
- Control elements - control of flame intensity, CO2 content, draft, water temperature, etc .;
- Circulation pump - designed to increase the speed of movement of the coolant. Most solid fuel and some gas boilers are not included in the package;
- Expansion tank and security system.
When choosing gas models, you need to pay special attention to the presence of a second circuit intended for hot water supply.
It is not recommended to purchase a boiler whose power is higher than the required one. This will lead to an increase in energy consumption and, as a consequence, an increase in financial costs for maintenance.
Heating radiator device
The design of a heating radiator has not changed for many years. Despite the use of new materials of manufacture, improvements in the appearance of the battery - when creating it, they are always guided by a proven circuit.
What are the principles on which a standard radiator is based? It should consist of two components - pipelines through which the coolant flows and a heat exchange surface. When designing, they try to increase the heat output and at the same time reduce the useful volume of the transport highway. For this, materials with an increased heat transfer rate are used in the heating radiator device - aluminum, copper, etc. It is important for the user to pay attention to the following parameters of the device of a standard battery for heating:
- Rated power, W... Manufacturers indicate the value of this characteristic at a certain temperature regime of the system operation. For example - 70/55 or 90/70;
- Sectional or panel model... For the first, there is the possibility of increasing the usable area by adding sections;
- Connection method... This is important to know when analyzing the device of the heating system in an apartment building. If there is an upper piping, you should purchase models with a side connection.
In addition to the installation of radiators, their correct piping must be provided. Its components are shut-off valves, a Mayevsky crane. For greater efficiency, the installation of a thermostatic valve is recommended.
One of the main factors for the normal operation of the radiator is its correct installation and connection. If the standards are not observed, its efficiency may decrease by 10-15%.
Centralized heating system
The heating system of a multi-storey building is much more complicated. It is a complex complex consisting of a distribution (elevator) unit, risers and heating devices.
The supplying heating network is characterized by high water pressure in the pipes and high temperatures. How is the heating system arranged in a five-story building, and how are these parameters stabilized to acceptable values?
Elevator unit device
It is designed to connect a house to a heating main and is an indispensable element in a heating device in a five-story building. It provides mechanisms for supplying water through the internal networks of the building, there is a zone for reducing its temperature to the required value, and here the pressure is normalized.
A properly arranged heating system in an apartment building should contain the following components of the elevator unit:
- Mud collectors - traps of polluting elements in the coolant;
- Manometers and thermometers;
- Heat metering sensor.
After stabilizing the coolant to the required values, it enters the internal piping for supply to the apartments of the house.
All work on the adjustment and control of the elevator unit must be carried out by representatives of the management company.
Internal heating pipes
Hot water is distributed using risers. There can be several of them - from 2 to 8, depending on the heating scheme. In the houses of the Khrushchev project, you can find 2-5 risers passing through one apartment. Such arrangement significantly complicates the organization of individual heat metering.
Why should an ordinary consumer know how the heating systems of houses are arranged: boilers, radiators, etc.? This can come in handy when planning, repairing, and maintaining the system yourself. But before performing this or that type of work, you need to carefully study the characteristics of heating and individual components.
You can learn more about the principle of operation of heating an apartment building from the video:
