Proper heating planning is not only about the choice of components and the way they are installed. Any system must be not only reliable but also economical. Therefore, you should calculate in advance the cost of heating the house: gas, energy, heat, water. The choice of technique depends on the type of heat supply and a number of external factors.
What determines energy consumption
Recently, more and more attention has begun to be paid to the economic component of the system for maintaining a comfortable temperature in the house. At the same time, they strive to ensure that the heat consumption for heating is optimal. But in order to fulfill this condition, it is necessary to understand the reasons for the overestimated energy consumption or low efficiency.
First, you need to calculate the annual heat consumption for heating. The budget for the operation of heat supply will depend on this. Of course, the cost of an energy carrier may change, but the general methodology allows you to quickly recalculate and find the optimal flow rate. The implementation of this event will allow you to at least know the future costs, and with a professional approach - to optimize them.
There are several factors that affect the heat consumption for heating, the formula for which is quite simple. First of all, these are the technical indicators of a house or apartment. These include the level of heat loss, total area, volume and number of rooms.
There are a number of other factors that directly affect the average hourly heat consumption for heating:
- Boiler type... In particular, the type of fuel used. The highest efficiency indicator for electrical equipment. However, when analyzing the cost / consumption ratio, natural gas remains optimal. For a balloon, this value is slightly lower. The situation with solid fuels is the worst. Exceptions are long-burning boilers and pellet installations;
- Material of manufacture of pipes and radiators... When calculating heat consumption for heating, energy losses during the passage of hot water through pipes and radiators are taken into account. It directly depends on the thermal conductivity coefficient. It should be low for pipes and maximum for radiators and batteries;
- Climatic conditions... The lower the outside temperature, the higher the gas consumption in the heating boiler. This must be taken into account when drawing up a temperature schedule for the operation of heat supply.
Only after taking into account all these indicators can we talk about economical heating. It is possible to determine the consumption of propane for heating a house using an integrated method. Its first stage is to find the rate of heat energy, depending on all factors.
It is possible to correctly calculate the gas consumption for heating only after a detailed acquaintance with the boiler passport, as well as with the help of specialized programs for determining the heat supply parameters.
Determination of consumption rates for heating
An independent calculation of the annual heat consumption for heating is carried out after finding the heat losses in the house. They, in turn, depend on the degree of insulation of the house, the configuration of window and door structures. Several techniques can be used to calculate total heat loss.
In the simplest formula for heat consumption for heating, only the total area of the house, the average value of the heat transfer resistance of the walls, the temperature inside and outside the building are used.It is important to correctly determine not only the average rate of energy consumption, but also to draw up a graph of the heating load. The first step is to calculate the optimal boiler output. This can be done using the following formula:
W = P * K * (Tvn-Tnar)
Where W - determined boiler power, kW;R - heat transfer coefficient of walls, W / m² * С;TO - the total area of the house, m²;Tvn and Tnar - temperature inside and outside the building, ° С.
To form a power reserve, it is recommended to add 10% to the result obtained. This will increase the average hourly heat consumption for heating while increasing the length of the system without its global modernization.
But it is not always possible to determine the heat transfer of walls without knowing the material of their manufacture. In this case, you can use a different technique. If the house is built in accordance with SNiPs and GOSTs, the degree of its insulation should be at a good level. Then correction factors are applied, which depend on the regional location of the building - G.
In this case, the formula for heat consumption for heat supply is as follows:
W = K * G
It is important that it does not take into account the height of the building and the wind rose in a particular region. But for an approximate calculation of a one or two-story house, it is quite applicable. It is only necessary to choose the correct value of the correction factor. The nominal heat consumption for heat supply will depend on this. This can be done from the data in the table.
Region | Correction factor |
| Central part of Russia | 0.1 to 0.15 |
| Northern regions - Arkhangelsk, Murmansk | 0.15 to 0.2 |
| Southern part of Russia | 0.07 to 0.09 |
The resulting figure will be the average hourly heat consumption for heat supply. But in addition to this, it is necessary to determine the heating load depending on the value of the temperature outside. For this, a heating schedule is drawn up, which indicates the operating power of the boiler, depending on weather conditions. With this information, you can determine the annual heat consumption for heat supply.
The simplest way of calculating, with the help of which the rate of gas consumption for heating is found, is the ratio of 1 kW of thermal energy per 10 m² of living space. However, it is very approximate and can only be used to verify the above methods.
Consumption for gas heating
Currently, there are two types of gas heating - connected to the central line and cylinder. In the first case, the amount of energy consumed depends only on the characteristics of the boiler and the pressure in the pipeline. The actual consumption of liquid gas for heating the house depends on other parameters.
To determine the amount of fuel, you need to know its calorific value. On average, it is 12.8 kW / kg. To calculate the daily, hourly and seasonal consumption of liquid gas for heating a house, it is necessary to divide the already known value of the nominal boiler power by the heat of combustion. For example, it is known that the rated hourly heating power is 4 kW. Based on this, we find the fuel consumption for 1 hour of heat supply operation:
4 / 12.8 = 0.312 kg / h
But this will only be valid during normal boiler operation at optimal power. It differs from the minimum and maximum. Additionally, to calculate the gas consumption for heating, you should read the boiler operating instructions. It indicates the energy consumption under various operating modes.
Steps for further calculations of gas consumption for a heating boiler:
- Balloon volume... He will determine the extent to which it is filled. It is most rational to use 50 liter containers. They hold 23 kg of fuel.
- Calculation of the number of cylinders... It is recommended to have a stock for 5-7 days of heating operation. Those. for the above example, taking into account the rate of gas consumption for heating, this value will be (0.32 * 24 * 7) / 23 = 2 cylinders.
- Adaptation of the flow rate to the heat schedule of heat supply... This will make it possible to determine the load on the system at different temperatures outside.
Upon completion, the average rate of gas consumption for heat supply is determined. The total amount of energy carrier volume is divided by the number of days in the heating season. In the future, you can draw up a gas purchase schedule.
To calculate the consumption of natural gas in a heating boiler, you can use another method. On average, 0.1 m³ of energy carrier will be required to generate 1 kW of thermal energy. Based on this, it is possible to calculate the gas consumption for heat supply for all parameters of interest - hourly, daily or seasonal. In the last two options, you need to take into account the load on the system and the operating time of the equipment.
As you can see from the above, determining the consumption of propane for heating a house is a mandatory procedure. The schedule for the purchase of fuel will depend on this, the place for its storage, the optimal and minimum volume, will be determined.
The condition of the boiler affects the consumption of liquid gas for heating a house. This includes the cleanliness of the nozzles, the level of adjustment of the burner operation (single-stage, two-stage or modular) and the chimney draft..
Calculation of electricity for heating
Since electrical energy is the most expensive, it is necessary to calculate its consumption by equipment as accurately as possible. To solve this problem, you will need to comply with all installation and operating requirements. Only after these measures can you calculate the electricity consumption for heating the house.
This type of heat supply differs from others in the highest efficiency factor. With the right choice of equipment and its installation, it approaches 100%. Those. electricity consumption for heating a house is calculated without taking into account losses, since they are minimal.
Exceptions are heat losses in the mains - pipes and radiators. However, for correct installation and maintenance of the system, it is necessary to choose the correct cross-section of the connected electrical wiring. It depends on the power of the heating equipment.
The table shows the recommended wire cross-sections for arranging heating with an electric boiler.
Boiler power, kW | Single phase connection | Three-phase connection |
4 | 4 | |
6 | 6 | |
10 | 10 | |
12 | 16 | 2,5 |
16 | 4 | |
22 | 6 | |
27 | 10 |
In fact, to calculate the electricity consumption for heating a house, you need to know the rated power of the boiler. It depends on the area of the building, its technical characteristics. The calculation methods based on these indicators were indicated above. To reduce financial costs for heat supply using electricity, you can install additional equipment:
- Two-tariff counter... The cost of 1 kW of electricity is lower at certain hours of the night;
- Heat accumulator... With its help, you can reduce the cost of heating with an electric boiler. However, it has large dimensions and therefore its installation is relevant only for heating a private house;
- Weather-dependent programmer... Outdoor and indoor temperature sensors are connected to it. It regulates the power of the boiler depending on the received data on the degree of heating of the air. This will optimize the current electricity consumption for heating the house.
However, not in all cases the efficiency of electric heat supply will be high. This refers to the first start-up of the PLEH and its return to normal operation. At this time, there will be an increased consumption of electricity for heating the house. The system stabilization time can be from 2 to 5 days. When calculating costs, this factor must be taken into account.
Some sources indicate an economical consumption of heating with an electric boiler of an ionic or induction type. However, in fact, the electricity consumption indicator will remain the same.
To reduce the consumption of electricity for heating the house, it is necessary to reduce heat losses through the boiler body. For this, manufacturers make good thermal insulation. If it is missing, you need to install it yourself..
Household heating water consumption
In fact, the term water consumption in a heating system does not mean its constant decrease, but the speed of passage through the entire system. It indicates how often heat losses will be compensated during normal circulation of the coolant.
To determine this indicator, the formula for water consumption for heating is used, or tabular data are taken into account. In the first case, it is necessary to know the rated power of the system (boiler), the temperature regime of the system, as well as the specific heat capacity of the coolant. In fact, these indicators are determined using a preliminary calculation of the system at the stage of its design. With their help, you can find out the future parameters of the water consumption in the heating system.
For self-calculation, you should use the formula:
G = Q / (c * (Tob-Tpod))
Where G - actual water consumption in the heat supply system, kg / sec;from - heat capacity of the coolant. For water, this value is 4200 J / kg * C;Tob and Tpod - temperature in the supply and return pipes, ° С.
Using this formula for water consumption for heating, you can determine not only its nominal characteristics, but also choose the right circulation pump. It will help you find out the optimal power of the equipment. It is also needed to calculate the cross section of the pipes.
During the operation of heating, a decrease in its performance is possible. This is influenced by the quality of the heat supply service - the frequency of flushing, the use of the optimal coolant, the load on the system.
Ways to reduce heating costs
Several productive methods can be used to reduce the planned cost of heating. First of all, it is necessary to reduce the influence of external factors on the operation of the system. First of all, this refers to the degree of thermal insulation of the house.
In fact, the work of heating is aimed at compensating for the heat losses of the building. To minimize them, insulation of the outer walls, floor and roof should be done. However, you should not forget about the proper ventilation rate. Also, special attention should be paid to window structures. It is through them that most of the heat leaves.
To reduce these losses, double-glazed windows should be installed. Additionally, an energy-saving film is mounted.
In addition to these methods, the following options for reducing the cost of heat supply are possible:
- Installation of thermostats on radiators... With their help, you can adjust the level of the coolant inflow and the degree of heating of the device;
- Reflective screens behind batteries... They direct heat energy into the interior of the room;
- Application of control equipment.
These methods will reduce the current costs of heat supply by 10-15%. But you do not need to abuse the economy - the temperature in the rooms of the house should be at a comfortable level. It ranges from + 17 ° C to + 22 ° C.
In the video, you can see an example of heating costs for houses built with different materials:
