Without exception, all parameters of communication networks of residential and industrial premises are regulated by the requirements of SNiP "External sewerage and water supply networks". New structures are being built on the basis of working and design documentation, technical data, which allow even the most unusual ideas to be realized. Also, other engineering lines located nearby are additionally taken into account in order to exclude the possibility of undermining of nearby foundations.
General provisions of the joint venture external water supply and sewerage networks
JV water supply: external networks and facilities
Sources of clean water are groundwater or reservoirs. According to SNiP 2.04.03. you can use the following list of materials to install the plumbing system:
- glass pipelines are used, but rarely;
- polypropylene, polyethylene and PVC;
- for pipes of large cross-section reinforced concrete and asbestos-cement.
For the arrangement of wells and wells, plastic and reinforced concrete are used.
Types of sewer systems
Sewerage is a whole network of pipelines that was built by engineers for the disposal and treatment of dirty waste. At the design stage, the standards and norms of SNiP are taken into account, based on the geological structure of the area and the regulations for laying pipes.
- External centralized communication. To install the network, you will need to first create a project in compliance with all technical conditions and obtain a certified permission to carry out the system. A prerequisite is the laying of communications with strict adherence to all safety standards and under the supervision of employees of the relevant authorities. The presence of a storage tank.
- Sealed containers are used to carry out an autonomous sewage system in houses with small families. Cleaning of the tank is required on a regular basis, therefore, the yard must be provided with free passage of sewers or sludge pumps. The tanks are additionally equipped with an overflow control sensor.
- It is recommended to install a septic tank if the volume of wastewater is small (25-50 cubic meters per day). Visually, it looks like an underground sump for sewage that flows there through a pipeline from the internal sewage network in the house. In the sump, all waste is divided into three layers: the sediment goes down, then a greasy film and a clarified liquid, which penetrates the drainage system to clean it and penetrate into the soil. The septic tank is required to be installed at a distance of 5-20 meters from the house, this allows you to prevent the negative impact of wastewater on the foundation of the structure.
32.13-330.1212 (SP) states that sewerage systems are classified according to the source of the wastewater. Each variety has its own individual characteristics, so you need to be able to correctly distinguish between them. There are industrial, storm and rainfall, household and economic.
The updated version of SNiP 2.04.03 indicates that local and centralized sewerage networks have no technical differences, with the exception of the amount of waste disposed of.The document is freely available on the official website of the Ministry of the Russian Federation.
When assessing the possibility of water consumption, the following should be considered:
- the possibility of artificial addition;
- estimated water consumption for the next 15-20 years;
- passage of floods;
- forecasts for possible changes in water quality as effluents infiltrate.
When carrying out construction work on laying a drain, it is important to pre-arrange all the documentation, provide drawings in accordance with all GOSTs.
Pipeline installation
- When laying a pipeline network with an anti-corrosion coating, you need to use soft grips and special protective devices.
- Flare pipelines of a free-flow system must be installed upward with a slope.
- Before embarking on a construction project, all drawings and technical calculations must be checked and approved by the relevant authorities. The results of the inspection and approval for construction are recorded in a special log book.
- In the presence of straight joints, the ends of adjacent pipes must be centered so that the width of the gaps has the same parameters along the entire circumference.
- The horizontal position of drainage free-flow pipelines between adjacent systems is viewed using a mirror.
- The end of flange gaps and pipes of locking reinforcing parts during intermittent laying is closed with wooden plugs or special plugs.
If one of the above rules is not followed, the corresponding documentation will not be issued.
Design and installation of the sewerage system
The installation of the sewer network begins with the drainage of wastewater from the inside of an apartment building or any other building. At the exit from the structures, the drains penetrate into the wells, wells, which serve as an intermediate link between the fan pipes and other elements of the pipeline.
The sewerage system is not allowed:
- without additional pumping stations;
- without laying pipes of different diameters;
- without local installations designed to clean the system, for example, aerator, septic tank.
The main condition for laying a line is continuous operation, minimization of costs and the ability to regulate the pressure.
In this regard, SNiP included a number of additional aspects:
- the volume of the population in the area where it is planned to lay the water supply system;
- external factors - the presence of additional water sources: rivers, lakes, reservoirs;
- landscaping of the area;
- design of the object and features of its device on paper.
In the event of a breakdown, it should be possible to drive up working equipment.
Pipeline system
Installation of the internal pipeline in accordance with SNiP is carried out as follows:
- in a floor screed;
- using strobes, levels;
- wiring under the plinths of the walls.
The presence of a slope at the beginning of the highway will allow the network to work quickly, as well as continuously dispose of household waste. An exception is the mountainous terrain, in this case, the use of special fecal pumps is relevant, which push fecal masses and other waste into the pipeline system, which is placed at an angle.
Pumps are necessary for the formation of a multistage pump system, which allows not only to design, but also to lay the water supply system and sewerage system in any relief area.
After being taken, the waste liquid enters the sewer branches and moves towards the aeration stations and treatment facilities. There, under the influence of chemical reagents, fermentation and decomposition of the contents occurs.
Rules for laying water supply networks
- Projects of water supply, drainage and sewerage lines should be carried out in parallel.
- The quality of clean water must comply with all regulations and SanPiN standards.
- The operating temperature in the external line should fluctuate within + 2-25 degrees, hot ducts should be in the range of + 50-75 degrees.
It is also worth mentioning the requirements for the installation of reinforcing elements.
- The joints are welded between adjacent parts only after complete and thorough tightening of the bolted joints located on the flanges.
- Flanges must be joined at right angles (90 degrees) to the pipe axis.
- A common problem is flange misalignment. There are several options for solving the problem, but you should refrain from using gaskets and tightening clamps.
- The abutting flanges should not have errors, the bolts are tightened using one of all possible options - cruciform, and the nuts should be placed on one side of the joints.
JV "External Sewerage and Water Supply Networks" includes the requirements for laying pipes and drilling, upgrading wells in accordance with all technical requirements. However, due to the rapidly developing technologies, it is possible that in the near future new types of backbone networks will appear, as well as new technologies for their arrangement. This prompts the introduction of new amendments to the design and installation of communication networks in the relevant documentation.
When designing communications, you need to give preference to proven organizations and highly qualified design engineers. Saving on good specialists can significantly increase the allowable cost item. You also need to correctly draw up and execute all the documentation, since illegal actions can lead to a fine and the seizure of real estate.
